As you watch, notice, consider, and reflect upon your own feelings and reactions. 24. This is considered the most recent, gold standard treatment manual for Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. Authorization to reproduce it in whole or in part is granted. Psychotherapy is a term that refers to talk therapy. Great for staff development! Psychosocial Issues for Children and Adolescents in Disasters - 2000. Lawrence Office Walk-ins welcome 708 West 9th Street, Suite 105 Lawrence, KS 66044 (9th & Mississippi Street) It offers simple tips to parents and others on what to expect, what to do, andwhat to look out for. When children dissociate, they block off thoughts, feelings, or memories about the trauma. https://www.cstsonline.org/, Look Through Their Eyes Major depression. (The Impact of Early Adversity on Childrens Development) Contd. Recognizing Specific Phobiacompares the DSM-5 Practising Relaxed Breathing serves to reduce physiological arousal and can be an excellent grounding technique. (Psychology Tools For Overcoming Panic), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/how-is-panic-disorder-different-from-a-panic-attack-psychology-tools-for-overcoming-panic/, How Much Do You Know About Panic? Traumatized indi Safety behaviors are actions carried out with the intention of preventing a feared catastrophe. In many cases, these two approaches can be combined. Certification; Resources. Once symptoms have been identified, sessions enable women to reduce the symptoms by utilizing methods of self-care. Specific phobia is characterized by marked fear or anxiety regarding a particular object or situation. Intervention: The basics. CSTS is a part of the nations federal medical school, Uniformed Services University (USU), and its Department of Psychiatry. A NASP suite of translated school safety and crisis resources in Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, French, Korean, Kurdish, Somali, Vietnamese. This series of 6 indepth videos discusses the effects of child abuse and how adverse childhood experiences affect young children. https://childmind.org/article/signs-trauma-children/, Understanding Trauma | Video Core beliefs (schemas) are self-sustaining. (2) The Science of Resilience; and (3) How Resilience is Built. The following techniques can be used to guide the psychoeducational component of therapy and counseling. However, when we experience trauma (either a single trauma or many over a long period of time), our The DSM also emphasizes the importance of the clients Insomnia is characterized by difficulty with sleep quality or quantity. The resources below are open-access and available for your use. Recognizing Bipolar Disordercompares the D Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-8. doi: 10.3389 . https://developingchild.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/04_EL-IMPACTO-DE-LA-ADVERSIDAD-3.pdf, Seales de Trauma en los Nios Great for showing to staff and families, each video is less than 2:30 minutes long. When dealing with trauma, psychoeducation should inform about the emotional,. This 2-page attractive infographic from theNational Council for Behavioral Health identifies the main causes of trauma, provides data on its frequency, lists its common symptoms and helpful coping strategies, and offers suggestions for how to talk to your doctor about trauma. Handout for Parents and Caregivers Learning About Your (BRIEF Patient Guide) Learning About You (BRIEF Therapist Guide) Cheat Sheet - Motivational Enhancement N2K (Need to Know) Engagement/Motivational Enhancement Sheet Stages of Change - Therapist's Motivational Tasks Steps for Initial Engagement Therapeutic Alliance Therapy for kids with PTSD is called trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT). Increase involvement with the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. trauma psychoeducation with clients and healthcare providers. Relaxation. NCTSN . This chapter includes a qui Trauma can result in a wide variety of symptoms, experiences, and behaviors. This fact sheet gives an overview of trauma, describes traumatic stress symptoms, and ways children may be impacted. Hindsight Bias is a cognitive bias / cognitive illusion which makes events seem mor Normal, anxious, and exercise breathing have significant effects upon our physiology and our emotions. Socratic questioning The Socratic questioning technique can ascertain a client's level of existing knowledge as well as their needs, values, and gaps in their understanding. The best way to find out what she needs is to ask her. (Psychology Tools For Overcoming Panic), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/how-much-do-you-know-about-panic-psychology-tools-for-overcoming-panic/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/how-trauma-can-affect-you-cyp/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/how-we-hear-sounds/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/how-your-body-responds-to-stress/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/intolerance-of-uncertainty/, Introduction To CBT (Psychology Tools For Overcoming Panic), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/introduction-to-cbt-psychology-tools-for-overcoming-panic/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/intrusive-thoughts-brain-metaphor/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/intrusive-thoughts-images-and-impulses/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/operant-conditioning/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/overview-of-cbt/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/panic-formulation/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/progress-in-therapy/, Prompts For Challenging Negative Thinking, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/prompts-for-challenging-negative-thinking/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/properties-of-trauma-memories/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/psychology-tools-for-overcoming-panic/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/ptsd-and-memory/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/ptsd-film-projection-metaphor/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/ptsd-linen-cupboard-metaphor/, Putting It All Together (Psychology Tools For Living Well), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/putting-it-all-together-psychology-tools-for-living-well/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/reactions-to-trauma/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-a-hypomanic-episode/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-a-manic-episode/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-agoraphobia/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-anorexia-nervosa/, Recognizing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-bipolar-disorder/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-bulimia-nervosa/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-depression/, Recognizing Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-insomnia/, Recognizing Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/, Recognizing Panic Attacks And Panic Disorder, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-panic-attacks-and-panic-disorder/, Recognizing Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-persistent-depressive-disorder-dysthymia/, Recognizing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-social-anxiety-disorder/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/recognizing-specific-phobia/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/relaxed-breathing/, Responses To Threat: Freeze, Appease, Flight, Fight, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/responses-to-threat-freeze-appease-flight-fight/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/safety-behaviors/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/safety-behaviors-example/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/schema-bias/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/schema-metaphors/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/selective-attention/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/sleep-hygiene-audio/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/sleep-restriction/, Strategies For People With Memory Problems, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/strategies-for-people-with-memory-problems/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/tear-model-of-grief/, The Experience Of Panic (Psychology Tools For Overcoming Panic), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/the-experience-of-panic-psychology-tools-for-overcoming-panic/. more PTSD Is Treatable Effective treatment is available, and it can be tailored to fit the differing needs of patients. Relaxation. The CPIR strives to be ever conscious of accessibility in technology. This type of talk therapy uses talking and learning activities, guided by a mental health therapist. Psychoeducation is a set of beliefs and ideas used to help others understand mental health disorders. Some books may be too emotionally activating for youth with unresolved posttraumatic difficulties, however, at least early in the recovery process. After a disturbing event or tragic loss in the lives of children, parents and teachers do their best to help kids cope with their grief and anxiety in a healthy way. It is a. survival tool children use when they feel helpless, afraid, or unable to escape a dangerous situation. Victims lend their voices to this video to provide first-hand accounts of how their exposure to violence as children affected them. For instance, they can facilitate greater self-insight and interpersonal functioning. The Eating and Your Energy Levels handout provides an overview of the relationship between food intake and energy levels. This fact sheet includes information on routines, rhythm, and rituals. Although written psychoeducational materials can be helpful, it is often more useful for the therapist to provide such information verbally during the therapy process. It is normal to experience stress after a trauma , but the symptoms normally diminish after several weeks. This information handout desc Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for a wide variety of mental and physical health conditions. This website was produced under U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs No. First things first, what exactly is anxiety anyway? Exercise is an evidence-based treatment for depression and anxiety and research suggests that, in the treatment of depression, exercise interventions One cognitive error which commonly results in distress is to act on our opinions as though they were facts. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. A resource collection compiled by and for Parent Centers. FEATURED. Please switch auto forms mode to off. Many people find it hard to label their emotional states or reactions. Psychoeducation can help by normalizing the experience of trauma, and by giving a name to the enemy. Psychology Tools for Overcoming Panictakes a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approach to this common anxiety problem. Learn about the different kinds of traumatic events that can impact the behavioral health of individuals, families, and communities. This article from the Child Mind Institutes provides tips on how best to engage kids in a calm and supportive dialog about their feelings. The therapist should keep several issues in mind when deciding what written material to make available and how it should be used (Briere & Scott, 2012): Most importantly, handouts should be considered tools in the psychoeducation process, not stand-alone sources of information. When children know that caring adults are working to keep them safe and support them in understanding their reactions to trauma, most can recover and go on to live healthy and productive lives. The following materials help parents and caregivers better understand trauma and how they can help. 24/7 Support: 785-843-8985. This webpage of the National Center for PTSD offers multiple articles, flyers, and other resources that will help visitors connect with the network of professionals to help. Psychology Tools for Overcoming Panictakes a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approach to this common anxiety problem. He is teased by friends for his reaction of fear and for choosing to seclude himself. Newark, NJ 07102 Dr. Karyn Purvis's 6 Practical Ways to Create Attachment in Kids Exposed to Trauma 1. with psychoeducation. In this section, find resources to help support children in your care who have experienced complex trauma, including specific trainings . 2. Children s Reactions to Trauma. Watermarks are removed on digital Despite the strong evidence base as an intervention for affective disorders and . This product is public domain. The people who work on the CPIR are not just advocates by professioneveryone on our team has a personal stake in the disability community as a parent, sibling, spouse, or otherwise. Increased use of health and mental health services. From theChild Welfare Information Gateway. Spanish |https://www.cstsonline.org/fact-sheet-menu/translated-fact-sheets/spanish Esta hoja informativa incluye informacin sobre rutinas, ritmos y rituales. There are different types of psychotherapy. (Available in Spanish) Whether it occurs in individual therapy or in a guided support group, psychoeducation sometimes includes the use of printed handouts. A parent or caregiver is almost always there during the therapy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bF3j5UVCSCA, How to Manage Trauma Learn more about the original ACE study, including its definitions, study demographics, and major findings. Health care providers are ideally situated to provide trauma-informed care, integrate psychoeducation and support in their patient interactions, and screen for traumatic stress symptoms.While most healthcare providers will not participate directly in providing psychological interventions for children and families, being aware of the range of evidence-based . https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/child-trauma.pdf, Responding to Children Impacted by Trauma Psychoeducational groups provide opportunities for their members to learn about a range of psychological phenomena. We are extremely grateful to Dr. Caitlin Ryan of the FAP for. Creating the Trauma Narrative (Client Handouts) Clarification Questions To Sexual Assault Offenders. They might also help their members gain skills to understand and solve problems that affect their functioning in daily life (Brown, 2018b). Sleep restriction is behavioral intervention used in the treatment of insomnia. As well as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), prevalence rates of oth Clients with tinnitus often have a very medicalized understanding of their condition. https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Trauma-infographic.pdf, The 12 Core Concepts: Concepts for Understanding Traumatic Stress Responses in Children and Families Survivors of loss or trauma often think If only . https://www.acesconnection.com/blog/the-developing-brain-and-adverse-childhood-experiences-aces, Video Series | Bomb in the Brain The NCTSN is funded by the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and jointly coordinated by UCLA and Duke University. The Autonomic Nervous System han Our sense of balance is the result of a complex system which receives visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive inputs. Recogn Dysthymia is characterized by a depressed mood that occurs for most of the day, more days than not, and has been present for at least two years. The NRC is funded by the CDC to provide information and educational materials on this disorder. Available at Amazon and Barnes and Noble The fact sheet provides information to understand the types of trauma, potential responses to the trauma, and ways to support a child who has experienced trauma. Great for sharing with families and others. Family information & education 2. This chapter includes a bri Intrusive thoughts are a common but sometimes distressing cognitive phenomenon. Therapists provide children and parents with information on sexual abuse and the types of symptoms that may come up in response to this kind of traumatic event. The contents of this page will help Parent Centers, families, and others build their knowledge base and understanding of what trauma is, what kinds of trauma there are, and how it affects children in particular. The CBT model proposes that how we think affects the way we feel. Amables recordatorios para tiempos de estrs: ofrece amables recordatorios de prcticas de bienestar en tiempos de estrs. This tip sheet offers parents information about child traumatic stress (CTS), the best way to treat CTS, what parents can do at home for their children, and how parents can make sure their children receive support at school. Instead, the therapist should ensure that the information is as personally relevant to the youth as possible, so that whatever is contained in the handout or media is directly applicable to his or her life, and thus has greater implicit meaning. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BdW6tAb-5M, InBrief: The Science of Neglect | Video Infographics include: "How Anger Affects your Body and Brain", "How to Help Your Clients Understand their Window of Tolerance", "How Trauma Can Impact Four Types of Memory", "What Happens in the . EMDR therapy is now validated as an evidence-based approach and included in SAMHSA (the . What NOT to say if your child has been traumatized: "I don't know if I should believe you.". Trauma Narratives Guide Therapist Aid. Say Yes. This online page of suggestions (from the National Association of School Psychologists) covers a lot of ground succinctly: trauma risk factors, warning signs, trauma's potential impact on education, what school-based professionals can do, the role of school-based professionals in dealing with trauma, resiliency factors, and suggested resources. Recognizing Bulimia Nervosa Depression is characterized by an extended period of low mood, anhedonia, and reduction in activity. Practice stopping and calming down when you have strong reactions. For example, older adolescents with sexual abuse histories frequently ask about the reasons for their abuse, in an effort to address feelings that they were in some way responsible. Weve highlighted a sampling of these tips and suggestions below. Psychoeducation is a therapy intervention that involves the therapist providing their client with information about their diagnosis, symptoms, or the method of treatment used. Affective functioning in children is closely aligned with relationships with parents, and therefore TF-CBT includes psycho-education of parents, parenting skills training and conjoint child-parent-sessions, in which the child shares the trauma narrative and other family issues are addressed [ 15 ]. From the Child Trauma Academy. Compliance is an ongoing process on an active site such as the Hub. TraumaInformed Psychoeducational Group Curriculum is designed to provide clients . From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This 1-page resource in Spanish shares the warning signs of trauma, signs of strong emotional reactions, and resources for additional support. Feelings Children Have (About Abuse) This 9-page guide from the Child Mind Institute was assembled by psychiatrists, psychologists, and mental health expertswho specialize in crisis situations. For younger kids, trauma therapy includes talk, play, drawing, and story activities. Youll find lots of short reads, indepth articles, a network of professionals skilled in addressing trauma, videos, presentations, and more. Psychoeducation serves to normalise the long-term effects of trauma and thus make them more manageable. VisittheNational Association of School Psychologists webpage for crisis resources in many different languages, including Amharic, Arabic, Chinese, French, Korean, Kurdish, Somali, Spanish, and Vietnamese. Emphasizes the intersection of addictions and complex trauma for many survivors. In its broadest form, psychoeducation is providing information about mental health processes and services. Psychoeducation can include: written material in the form of Psychology Tools information handouts, guides, and chapters; exercises or homework tasks where patients are encouraged to discover . Visit the Family Minds website Contact if you are interested: Tina Adkins +1-512-366-2301 tina.adkins@gmail.com Project Staff Tina Adkins, Ph.D., Research Assistant Professor Principal Investigator Project Trainings Complex PTSD can be experienced as a result of repeated childhood traumas. On YouTube, at: Offers parents information about child traumatic stress (CTS), the best way to treat CTS, what parents can do at home for their children, and how parents can make sure their children receive support at school. You can watch the video and download all the handouts at the link below. Whether through written or verbal means, clinicians often focus on several major topics when working with adolescent (and other) trauma survivors. Offers FREE continuing education (CE) credits and e-learning resources. Psychology Tools for Overcoming Panictakes a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approach to this common anxiety problem. Many clients find it helpful to recognize the range of actions that are motivated by different emotional states. Selective attention can be conceptualized as a maintaning process (mechanism) within CBT. Parent Handout 3 Common Reactions to Trauma. Training them on assertiveness. Educators, parents, and policy makers have established that children and adults need a certain set of skills to be successful in the world - the ability to read and write well, to have a good . Didactic material, alone, may not be especially effective in changing the beliefs or behaviors of victimized individual. ), ACES, childhood traumatic stress, the signs and symptoms of traumatic stress, and the 3 Es of trauma. General Focus of Psychoeducation Whether through written or verbal means, clinicians often focus on several major topics when working with adolescent (and other) trauma survivors. Resources available to the trauma survivor (e.g., printed information, self-help groups, shelters, advocacy groups, or supportive legal or law enforcement personnel). In addition, interpersonal violence frequently involves a more powerful figure who justifies his or her aggression by distorting objective reality, for example by blaming victimization on the victim. These fragmented, incomplete, or inaccurate explanations of traumatic events are often carried by the survivor into adolescence and beyond. information given verbally in a therapy session; written material in the form of Psychology Tools information handouts, guides, and chapters; exercises or homework tasks where patients are encouraged to discover information for themselves. These include: As is noted on the chapter on cognitive processing, psychoeducation is probably best understood as a component of a larger strategy: an attempt to assist the youth in updating (and/or actively countering) the understandings, beliefs, and expectations that he or she developed during earlier adverse experience. Below I'm outlining the 4 major psychoeducation points I use to teach kids about anxiety: Teach Kids About Anxiety 1. Felt safety and trust can rewire the brain. From theNational Association of School Psychologists. Psychoeducation refers to the process of providing education and information to those seeking or receiving mental health services, such as people diagnosed with mental health conditions (or life . Provides articles and webinars on childhood . After a disturbing event or tragic loss in the lives of children, parents and teachers do their best to help kids cope with their grief and anxiety in a healthy way. In fact, research has shown that child trauma survivors may experience: Learning problems, including lower grades and more suspensions and expulsions. Cognitive Coping. This helps explain why exposure to adverse childhood experiences can so deeply influence and change a childs brain and thus their physical and emotional health and quality of life across their lifetime. Therapist resources. In other instances, therapy may involve opportunities for the client directly to work with these thoughts and beliefs until a more benign and reality-based understanding arises (the cognitive therapy described in Chapter 9). Scan through the long list and select those articles that address the aspect of childhood traumatic stress relevant to your situation: disasters, traumatic separations, leaving the hospital, materials for youth, coping with school shootings, and much more. The fight or flight response is an automatic physiological reaction to an event that is perceived as stressful or frightening. Gives voice to the struggles of parents and caregivers who experienced trauma growing up in their own families. Published in 2008 Download Printer-friendly version Related Resources This article from the Child Mind Institutes provides tips on how best to engage kids in a calm and supportive dialog about their feelings. This is especially true for street kids and other youth who, for whatever reason, have not progressed far, or well, in the educational system. All rights reserved, A Guide To Emotions (Psychology Tools For Living Well), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/a-guide-to-emotions-psychology-tools-for-living-well/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/assertive-communication/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/autonomic-nervous-system/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/balance/, Barriers Abusers Overcome In Order To Abuse, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/barriers-abusers-overcome-in-order-to-abuse/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/before-i-blame-myself-and-feel-guilty/, Behaviors In Panic (Psychology Tools For Overcoming Panic), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/behaviors-in-panic-psychology-tools-for-overcoming-panic/, Body Sensations In Panic (Psychology Tools For Overcoming Panic), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/body-sensations-in-panic-psychology-tools-for-overcoming-panic/, Breathing To Calm The Body Sensations Of Panic (Psychology Tools For Overcoming Panic), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/breathing-to-calm-the-body-sensations-of-panic-psychology-tools-for-overcoming-panic/, Challenging Your Negative Thinking (Archived), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/challenging-your-negative-thinking/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/checking-certainty-and-doubt/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/checklist-for-better-sleep/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/classical-conditioning/, Coercive Methods For Enforcing Compliance, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/coercive-methods-for-enforcing-compliance/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/core-belief-magnet-metaphor/, Demanding Standards Living Well With Your Personal Rules, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/demanding-standards-living-well-with-your-personal-rules/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/eating-and-your-energy-levels/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/embracing-uncertainty/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/emotions/, Emotions In Panic (Psychology Tools For Overcoming Panic), https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/emotions-in-panic-psychology-tools-for-overcoming-panic/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/emotions-motivate-actions/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/evaluating-unhelpful-automatic-thoughts/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/everyday-unusual-experiences/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/exercise-for-mental-health/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/fact-or-opinion/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/fight-or-flight-response/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/grounding-techniques/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/guidelines-for-better-sleep/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/habituation/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/hindsight-bias/, https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/how-breathing-affects-feelings/, How Is Panic Disorder Different From A Panic Attack? The Brain Game is designed around video game imagery and vernacular children are familiar and . The moderator of Trauma Informed Parent, Suzy Hayman DeYoung, holds a Masters of Education in Parent and Child Development from Bank Street College of Education in New York City. Psychoeducation. Psychoeducation on Addiction Worksheet: Version 2. https://vetoviolence.cdc.gov/apps/phl/resource_center_infographic.html, InBrief | The Impact of Early Adversity on Childrens Development Offers guidance on creating supportive environments for youth when scary things happen. https://www.starr.org/sites/default/files/TLCtrauma.pdf, What is Child Trauma? The psychoeducational content for trauma usually consists of information about the nature and the progress of post-traumatic reactions, ways to deal with the trauma-reminding stimuli and strategies to cope with the symptoms (Schnyder et al., 2015) and feelings of depression, anger, guilt, and shame (Krupnick & Green, 2008 ).
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